Unit Nine: Adolescence || Lesson 1 Storms and Stresses of Adolescence || Textbook page 147, 148, 149 &150 || English first paper || Bangla meaning, line by line Bangla meaning, text questions and solution , short questions and summary ||
Unit Nine: Adolescence || Lesson 1 Storms and Stresses of Adolescence || Textbook page 147, 148, 149 &150 || English first paper || Bangla meaning, line by line Bangla meaning, text questions and solution , short questions and summary ||
Unit Nine: Adolescence
Lesson 1 Storms and Stresses of Adolescence
A. Warm up activity
Discuss the questions in pair.
- What age group do you belong to? (16-17, 18-21, 22-23).
- Do you think you are old enough to face the world? Why?
- Do you ever feel that people do not pay you much attention because of your age? Why?
Based on the image, it appears to show a group of teenage students holding books and notebooks, suggesting they are likely in the 16-17 age group. Here are possible answers to the warm-up activity based on their perspective:
-
What age group do you belong to?
We belong to the 16-17 age group. -
Do you think you are old enough to face the world? Why?
We are still young and learning about life. While we have responsibilities like studying and helping at home, we may need more experience before facing the challenges of adulthood. -
Do you ever feel that people do not pay you much attention because of your age? Why?
Sometimes, adults may not take our opinions seriously because they think we are too young to understand important matters. However, we believe that young people have valuable ideas and should be heard
B. Read the text below and answer the questions that follow:
i. Children must pass through several stages in their lives to become adults. For most people, there are four or five such stages of growth where they learn certain things: infancy (birth to age 2), early childhood (3 to years), later childhood (9 to 12 years) and adolescence (13 to 18 years). Persons 18 and over are considered adults in our society. Of course, there are some who will try to act older than their years. But, for the most part, most individuals have to go through these stages irrespective of their economic or social status.
ii. World Health Organisation (WHO) identifies adolescence as the period in human growth and development that occurs after childhood and before adulthood. This phase represents one of the critical transitions in one's life span and is characterised by fast paced growth and change which are second only to those at infancy. Biological processes drive many aspects of this growth and development with the onset of puberty marking the passage from childhood to adolescence. The biological determinants of adolescence are fairly universal; however, the duration and defining characteristics of this period may vary across time, cultures, and socio-economic situations. This period has seen many changes over the past century-puberty for
example, comes earlier than before, people marry late, and their attitudes and behaviours are different from their grandparents, or even parents. Among the factors responsible for the change are education, urbanization and spread of global communication.
iii. The time of adolescence is a period of preparation for adulthood during which one experiences several key developments. Besides physical and sexual maturation, these experiences include movement toward social and economic independence, development of identity, the acquisition of skills needed to carry out adult relationships and roles and the capacity for abstract reasoning. While adolescence is a time of tremendous growth and potential, it is also a time of considerable risks during which social contexts exert powerful influences.
iv. Many adolescents face pressure to use alcohol, cigarettes, or other drugs and to initiate sexual relationships putting themselves at high risk for intentional and unintentional injuries, unintended pregnancies, and sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Many also experience a wide range of adjustment and mental health problems. Behaviour patterns that are established during this period such as the use or avoidance of drugs and taking or abstaining from sexual risk can have long-lasting negative and positive effects on future health and well-being. As a result, adults have unique opportunities to influence adolescents.
v. Adolescents are different both from young children and adults. Specifically, adolescents are not fully capable of understanding complex concepts, or the relationship between behaviour and consequences, or the degree of control they have or can have over health decision-making, including that related to sexual behaviour. This inability may make them particularly vulnerable to sexual exploitation and high-risk behaviours. Laws, customs, and practices may also affect adolescents differently than adults. For example, laws and policies often restrict adolescents' access to reproductive health information and services, especially when they are unmarried. In addition, even when services do exist, provider attitudes about adolescents often pose a significant barrier to the use of those services.
vi. Adolescents depend on their families. their communities, schools, health services and their workplaces to learn a wide range of skills that can help them to cope with the pressures they face and make a successful transition from childhood to adulthood. Parents, members of the community, service providers, and social institutions have the responsibility to both promote adolescent development and adjustment and to intervene effectively when problems arise.
[Source: http://www.who.int/matemal child_adolescent/topics/adolescence/dev/en/
http://childdevelopmentinfo.com/child-development/teens_stages]
Model questions and solutions on Unit Nine: Adolescence Lesson 1 Storms and Stresses of Adolescence
Text based questions and solutions on Unit Nine: Adolescence Lesson 1 Storms and Stresse
Here are some important word meaning in bangla along with synonym and antonym.
- Infancy (শৈশব) – Synonym: Babyhood (শিশুকাল), Antonym: Adulthood (প্রাপ্তবয়স্কতা)
- Adolescence (কিশোরাবস্থা) – Synonym: Teenage (কৈশোর), Antonym: Childhood (শৈশব)
- Transition (পরিবর্তন) – Synonym: Change (রূপান্তর), Antonym: Stability (স্থিতিশীলতা)
- Maturation (পরিপক্বতা অর্জন) – Synonym: Growth (বৃদ্ধি), Antonym: Immaturity (অপরিপক্বতা)
- Puberty (কৈশোরকালীন পরিবর্তন) – Synonym: Development (উন্নয়ন), Antonym: Infancy (শৈশব)
- Biological (জীববৈজ্ঞানিক) – Synonym: Organic (জৈবিক), Antonym: Artificial (কৃত্রিম)
- Universal (সর্বজনীন) – Synonym: General (সাধারণ), Antonym: Specific (নির্দিষ্ট)
- Cultural (সাংস্কৃতিক) – Synonym: Traditional (ঐতিহ্যগত), Antonym: Uncultural (অসাংস্কৃতিক)
- Economic (অর্থনৈতিক) – Synonym: Financial (আর্থিক), Antonym: Non-financial (অআর্থিক)
- Independence (স্বাধীনতা) – Synonym: Freedom (মুক্তি), Antonym: Dependence (নির্ভরতা)
- Identity (পরিচয়) – Synonym: Recognition (স্বীকৃতি), Antonym: Anonymity (অজ্ঞাতপরিচয়)
- Reasoning (যুক্তি) – Synonym: Logic (তর্কবিদ্যা), Antonym: Illogicality (অযুক্তিকতা)
- Potential (সম্ভাবনা) – Synonym: Capability (ক্ষমতা), Antonym: Inability (অক্ষমতা)
- Influence (প্রভাব) – Synonym: Impact (প্রভাব), Antonym: Powerlessness (অক্ষমতা)
- Exploitation (শোষণ) – Synonym: Oppression (অত্যাচার), Antonym: Protection (সুরক্ষা)
- Behaviour (আচরণ) – Synonym: Conduct (চরিত্র), Antonym: Misconduct (অসদাচরণ)
- Adjustment (সমন্বয়) – Synonym: Adaptation (খাপ খাওয়ানো), Antonym: Imbalance (অসামঞ্জস্য)
- Mental health (মানসিক স্বাস্থ্য) – Synonym: Psychological well-being (মানসিক সুস্থতা), Antonym: Mental illness (মানসিক অসুস্থতা)
- Risk (ঝুঁকি) – Synonym: Danger (বিপদ), Antonym: Safety (নিরাপত্তা)
- Abstinence (সংযম) – Synonym: Restraint (আত্মসংযম), Antonym: Indulgence (আসক্তি)
- Vulnerable (দুর্বল) – Synonym: Weak (অসহায়), Antonym: Strong (শক্তিশালী)
- Access (প্রবেশাধিকার) – Synonym: Entry (প্রবেশ), Antonym: Restriction (নিষেধ)
- Attitude (মানসিকতা) – Synonym: Perspective (দৃষ্টিভঙ্গি), Antonym: Indifference (উদাসীনতা)
- Barrier (প্রতিবন্ধকতা) – Synonym: Obstacle (বাধা), Antonym: Support (সহায়তা)
- Pressure (চাপ) – Synonym: Stress (চাপ), Antonym: Relief (স্বস্তি)
- Intentional (উদ্দেশ্যমূলক) – Synonym: Deliberate (ইচ্ছাকৃত), Antonym: Accidental (অকস্মাৎ)
- Unintended (অনিচ্ছাকৃত) – Synonym: Unplanned (অপরিকল্পিত), Antonym: Intended (উদ্দেশ্যপ্রণোদিত)
- Capability (ক্ষমতা) – Synonym: Ability (দক্ষতা), Antonym: Incapability (অক্ষমতা)
- Promote (উন্নীত করা) – Synonym: Encourage (উত্সাহিত করা), Antonym: Demote (অবনতি করা)
- Intervene (হস্তক্ষেপ করা) – Synonym: Mediate (মধ্যস্থতা করা), Antonym: Ignore (উপেক্ষা করা)
- Social (সামাজিক) – Synonym: Communal (সাম্প্রদায়িক), Antonym: Individual (ব্যক্তিগত)
- Development (উন্নয়ন) – Synonym: Growth (বৃদ্ধি), Antonym: Decline (অবনতি)
- Custom (প্রথা) – Synonym: Tradition (ঐতিহ্য), Antonym: Novelty (নতুনত্ব)
- Responsibility (দায়িত্ব) – Synonym: Duty (কর্তব্য), Antonym: Irresponsibility (দায়িত্বহীনতা)
- Institution (প্রতিষ্ঠান) – Synonym: Organization (সংগঠন), Antonym: Disorganization (অসংগঠিত অবস্থা)
Model questions and solutions on Unit Nine: Adolescence Lesson 1 Storms and Stresses of Adolescence
Text based questions and solutions on Unit Nine: Adolescence Lesson 1 Storms and Stresse
নিচে পুরো অনুচ্ছেদের লাইন বাই লাইন বাংলা অর্থ দেওয়া হলো:
(i)
-
Children must pass through several stages in their lives to become adults.
শিশুরা প্রাপ্তবয়স্ক হওয়ার জন্য জীবনে বেশ কয়েকটি ধাপ অতিক্রম করতে হয়। -
For most people, there are four or five such stages of growth where they learn certain things: infancy (birth to age 2), early childhood (3 to 8 years), later childhood (9 to 12 years) and adolescence (13 to 18 years).
বেশিরভাগ মানুষের জন্য বৃদ্ধি ও শেখার চার বা পাঁচটি ধাপ রয়েছে: শৈশব (জন্ম থেকে ২ বছর), প্রারম্ভিক শৈশব (৩ থেকে ৮ বছর), পরবর্তী শৈশব (৯ থেকে ১২ বছর) এবং কিশোর বয়স (১৩ থেকে ১৮ বছর)। -
Persons 18 and over are considered adults in our society.
আমাদের সমাজে ১৮ বছর বা তার বেশি বয়সী ব্যক্তিদের প্রাপ্তবয়স্ক হিসেবে বিবেচনা করা হয়। -
Of course, there are some who will try to act older than their years.
অবশ্যই, কিছু লোক আছে যারা তাদের বয়সের তুলনায় বেশি পরিপক্ক আচরণ করার চেষ্টা করে। -
But, for the most part, most individuals have to go through these stages irrespective of their economic or social status.
তবে বেশিরভাগ মানুষের জন্য, তাদের অর্থনৈতিক বা সামাজিক অবস্থান নির্বিশেষে, এই ধাপগুলো পার করা প্রয়োজন।
(ii)
-
World Health Organisation (WHO) identifies adolescence as the period in human growth and development that occurs after childhood and before adulthood.
বিশ্ব স্বাস্থ্য সংস্থা (WHO) কিশোর বয়সকে মানব বিকাশের এমন একটি সময় হিসাবে চিহ্নিত করেছে, যা শৈশবের পরে এবং প্রাপ্তবয়স্ক হওয়ার আগে ঘটে। -
This phase represents one of the critical transitions in one's life span and is characterised by fast-paced growth and change which are second only to those at infancy.
এই পর্যায়টি জীবনের একটি গুরুত্বপূর্ণ পরিবর্তন নির্দেশ করে এবং এটি দ্রুত বৃদ্ধি ও পরিবর্তনের দ্বারা চিহ্নিত হয়, যা কেবলমাত্র শৈশবের পরিবর্তনের পরেই আসে। -
Biological processes drive many aspects of this growth and development with the onset of puberty marking the passage from childhood to adolescence.
শারীরবৃত্তীয় প্রক্রিয়াগুলি এই বৃদ্ধির এবং বিকাশের অনেক দিক পরিচালনা করে, যেখানে বয়ঃসন্ধির সূচনা শৈশব থেকে কিশোর বয়সে প্রবেশের চিহ্ন বহন করে। -
The biological determinants of adolescence are fairly universal; however, the duration and defining characteristics of this period may vary across time, cultures, and socio-economic situations.
কিশোর বয়সের জৈবিক নির্ধারকগুলি সাধারণত সর্বজনীন; তবে, এই সময়ের সময়কাল এবং সংজ্ঞায়িত বৈশিষ্ট্য সময়, সংস্কৃতি এবং সামাজিক-অর্থনৈতিক পরিস্থিতির ভিত্তিতে পরিবর্তিত হতে পারে। -
This period has seen many changes over the past century—puberty, for example, comes earlier than before, people marry late, and their attitudes and behaviours are different from their grandparents, or even parents.
গত শতাব্দীতে এই সময়কালটি অনেক পরিবর্তন দেখেছে—যেমন, বয়ঃসন্ধি আগের তুলনায় আগে শুরু হয়, মানুষ দেরিতে বিয়ে করে, এবং তাদের মনোভাব ও আচরণ দাদা-দাদী বা এমনকি বাবা-মায়ের তুলনায় আলাদা। -
Among the factors responsible for the change are education, urbanization and spread of global communication.
এই পরিবর্তনের জন্য দায়ী কারণগুলোর মধ্যে রয়েছে শিক্ষা, নগরায়ণ এবং বিশ্বব্যাপী যোগাযোগের বিস্তার।
(iii)
-
The time of adolescence is a period of preparation for adulthood during which one experiences several key developments.
কিশোর বয়স হলো প্রাপ্তবয়স্ক হওয়ার প্রস্তুতির একটি সময়, যেখানে একজন ব্যক্তি বেশ কিছু গুরুত্বপূর্ণ পরিবর্তনের মধ্য দিয়ে যায়। -
Besides physical and sexual maturation, these experiences include movement toward social and economic independence, development of identity, the acquisition of skills needed to carry out adult relationships and roles and the capacity for abstract reasoning.
শারীরিক ও যৌন পরিপক্কতার পাশাপাশি, এই অভিজ্ঞতাগুলোর মধ্যে সামাজিক ও অর্থনৈতিক স্বাধীনতার দিকে অগ্রসর হওয়া, পরিচয়ের বিকাশ, প্রাপ্তবয়স্ক সম্পর্ক ও ভূমিকা পালনের জন্য প্রয়োজনীয় দক্ষতা অর্জন এবং বিমূর্ত চিন্তাধারার ক্ষমতা অন্তর্ভুক্ত রয়েছে। -
While adolescence is a time of tremendous growth and potential, it is also a time of considerable risks during which social contexts exert powerful influences.
যদিও কিশোর বয়স বিশাল বৃদ্ধি ও সম্ভাবনার সময়, এটি একই সঙ্গে উল্লেখযোগ্য ঝুঁকির সময়ও, যেখানে সামাজিক প্রেক্ষাপটের শক্তিশালী প্রভাব থাকে।
(iv)
-
Many adolescents face pressure to use alcohol, cigarettes, or other drugs and to initiate sexual relationships putting themselves at high risk for intentional and unintentional injuries, unintended pregnancies, and sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
অনেক কিশোর-কিশোরী মদ, সিগারেট বা অন্যান্য মাদক গ্রহণের চাপে পড়ে এবং যৌন সম্পর্ক শুরু করতে পারে, যা তাদের ইচ্ছাকৃত বা অনিচ্ছাকৃত আঘাত, অনাকাঙ্ক্ষিত গর্ভধারণ এবং এইচআইভি সহ যৌনবাহিত সংক্রমণের উচ্চ ঝুঁকিতে ফেলে। -
Many also experience a wide range of adjustment and mental health problems.
অনেকেই মানসিক ও আচরণগত সমস্যা সম্মুখীন হয়। -
Behaviour patterns that are established during this period such as the use or avoidance of drugs and taking or abstaining from sexual risk can have long-lasting negative and positive effects on future health and well-being.
এই সময়ে গড়ে ওঠা আচরণগত ধরণ যেমন—মাদক গ্রহণ বা পরিহার এবং যৌন ঝুঁকি গ্রহণ বা পরিত্যাগ ভবিষ্যতের স্বাস্থ্য ও সুস্থতার ওপর দীর্ঘমেয়াদী ইতিবাচক বা নেতিবাচক প্রভাব ফেলতে পারে। -
As a result, adults have unique opportunities to influence adolescents.
ফলে, প্রাপ্তবয়স্কদের কাছে কিশোরদের প্রভাবিত করার বিশেষ সুযোগ থাকে।
(v)
-
Adolescents are different both from young children and adults.
কিশোর-কিশোরীরা ছোট শিশু ও প্রাপ্তবয়স্কদের থেকে ভিন্ন। -
Specifically, adolescents are not fully capable of understanding complex concepts, or the relationship between behaviour and consequences, or the degree of control they have or can have over health decision-making, including that related to sexual behaviour.
বিশেষ করে, কিশোররা জটিল ধারণা, আচরণ ও ফলাফলের সম্পর্ক, এবং স্বাস্থ্য সংক্রান্ত সিদ্ধান্ত গ্রহণের ক্ষেত্রে তাদের নিয়ন্ত্রণের মাত্রা পুরোপুরি বুঝতে পারে না। -
This inability may make them particularly vulnerable to sexual exploitation and high-risk behaviours.
এই অক্ষমতা তাদের যৌন শোষণ ও উচ্চ ঝুঁকিপূর্ণ আচরণের প্রতি বিশেষভাবে সংবেদনশীল করে তুলতে পারে।
(vi)
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Adolescents depend on their families, their communities, schools, health services and their workplaces to learn a wide range of skills that can help them to cope with the pressures they face and make a successful transition from childhood to adulthood.
কিশোর-কিশোরীরা তাদের পরিবার, সম্প্রদায়, স্কুল, স্বাস্থ্যসেবা ও কর্মস্থলের ওপর নির্ভর করে বিভিন্ন দক্ষতা শেখার জন্য, যা তাদের চাপে সামলাতে এবং শৈশব থেকে প্রাপ্তবয়স্ক জীবনে সফলভাবে রূপান্তরিত হতে সাহায্য করে। -
Parents, members of the community, service providers, and social institutions have the responsibility to both promote adolescent development and adjustment and to intervene effectively when problems arise.
বাবা-মা, সমাজের সদস্য, পরিষেবা প্রদানকারী ও সামাজিক প্রতিষ্ঠানগুলোর দায়িত্ব হলো কিশোরদের বিকাশ ও মানিয়ে নেওয়া সহজতর করা এবং সমস্যা দেখা দিলে কার্যকর হস্তক্ষেপ করা।
Model questions and solutions on Unit Nine: Adolescence Lesson 1 Storms and Stresses of Adolescence
Text based questions and solutions on Unit Nine: Adolescence Lesson 1 Storms and Stresse
C. The passage above has six paragraphs (i-vi). Choose the most suitable headings for paragraphs (i-vi) from the list given below. There are more headings in the box than the number of paragraphs, so you will not use all of them.
List of headings
a. A journey towards adulthood
b. Adolescence and education
c. Stages of human life
d. Need for collective efforts
e. An observation by World Health Organisation
f. A transition period
g. The adverse effects of taking drugs
h. Influence of culture on adolescents
i. Potential health hazards
j. A vulnerable age
Answer Question No. C
Here are the most suitable headings for each paragraph:
Paragraph (i): c. Stages of human life
(Describes the different stages of life from infancy to adulthood.)
Paragraph (ii): e. An observation by World Health Organisation
(Explains WHO’s perspective on adolescence, including its biological and cultural variations.)
Paragraph (iii): f. A transition period
(Highlights adolescence as a phase of preparation for adulthood with significant developments.)
Paragraph (iv): i. Potential health hazards
(Discusses risks like substance abuse, sexual health issues, and mental health problems.)
Paragraph (v): j. A vulnerable age
(Explains how adolescents struggle with decision-making and are susceptible to risky behavior.)
Paragraph (vi): d. Need for collective efforts
(Emphasizes the role of families, schools, and communities in guiding adolescents.)
Model questions and solutions on Unit Nine: Adolescence Lesson 1 Storms and Stresses of Adolescence
Text based questions and solutions on Unit Nine: Adolescence Lesson 1 Storms and Stresse
Answer Question No. D
I can help you match the words in Column A with their meanings in Column B based on the passage. Here are the correct matches:
- Adolescence → The period of physical and psychological development from the onset of puberty to maturity.
- Determinants → A factor or cause that makes something happen or leads directly to a decision.
- Acquisition → The act of acquiring or gaining possession.
- Tremendous → Extraordinarily large in size, extent, amount, power, or degree.
- Exert → To put forth effort to do something.
- Consequence → Something that logically or naturally follows on from an action or condition.
- Vulnerable → Susceptible to injury or disease.
- Intervene → To become involved in something (such as a conflict) in order to have an influence on what happens.
- Transition → A change from one thing to the next, either in action or state of being.
E. Answer the following questions:
a. What changes are experienced by adolescents?
b. What are some of the potential health risks faced by adolescents?
c. How are adolescents different from children and adults?
d. What role can society and community play in helping adolescents?
e. Do you think you are getting enough support from your family, school and community? What do you expect them to do for your proper development?
Model questions and solutions on Unit Nine: Adolescence Lesson 1 Storms and Stresses of Adolescence
Text based questions and solutions on Unit Nine: Adolescence Lesson 1 Storms and Stresse
Answer Question No. E
Answers:
a. What changes are experienced by adolescents?
Adolescents experience several changes, including physical and sexual maturation, social and economic independence, identity development, and the ability to think abstractly. This phase is characterized by rapid growth and transformation, influenced by biological, cultural, and social factors.
b. What are some of the potential health risks faced by adolescents?
Adolescents face risks such as pressure to use alcohol, cigarettes, and drugs, as well as engaging in risky sexual behaviors, which can lead to unintended pregnancies, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including HIV, and mental health problems. Risky behaviors adopted during this period can have long-term effects on health and well-being.
c. How are adolescents different from children and adults?
Adolescents are different from children because they experience physical, emotional, and cognitive changes that prepare them for adulthood. Unlike adults, they may struggle to fully understand complex concepts, consequences of their actions, and their control over health-related decisions, making them more vulnerable to risky behaviors.
d. What role can society and community play in helping adolescents?
Society and community play a crucial role in guiding adolescents by providing education, emotional support, and access to health services. Parents, teachers, healthcare providers, and community leaders can help adolescents develop life skills, make informed decisions, and navigate challenges in a healthy and responsible manner.
e. Do you think you are getting enough support from your family, school, and community? What do you expect them to do for your proper development?
(This is a personal response; here is a sample answer.)
Yes, I believe my family, school, and community provide support, but there is always room for improvement. I expect them to offer more guidance on career choices, mental health awareness, and real-life skills. Schools should focus more on life skills education, and families should have open discussions about important topics like health and emotional well-being. Community programs should provide safe spaces for adolescents to engage in meaningful activities and discussions.
F. Suppose you are going to give a presentation on the possible health problems that adolescents may face. What problems will you highlight and what solutions would you offer? Write a paragraph (about 150 words) on the topic.
Answer Question No. F
Health Problems Faced by Adolescents and Possible Solutions
Adolescence is a critical stage of growth, but it also comes with several health challenges. One major issue is substance abuse, where many adolescents feel peer pressure to use alcohol, cigarettes, or drugs, leading to addiction and long-term health problems. Another serious concern is the risk of unintended pregnancies and sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including HIV, due to a lack of proper awareness and guidance. Mental health problems such as depression, anxiety, and stress are also common due to academic pressure, family expectations, and social challenges. Additionally, many adolescents suffer from unhealthy lifestyles, including poor diet and lack of exercise, which may result in obesity or malnutrition.
To address these problems, parents, teachers, and community members should play an active role in educating adolescents about the consequences of risky behaviors. Schools should provide proper health education and counseling services. Governments should ensure easy access to healthcare and reproductive health services. Encouraging open communication within families can also help adolescents make informed and responsible choices, ensuring their overall well-being.
G. What do the following words and terms mean?
a. infancy
b. puberty
c. transition
d. defining characteristic
e. provider attitude
Here are the meanings of the given words and terms:
a. Infancy – The early stage of a child's life from birth to about 2 years, during which they undergo rapid physical and cognitive development.
b. Puberty – The biological process during adolescence when a person develops physical and sexual characteristics that enable reproduction, such as the growth of body hair, deepening of the voice, and hormonal changes.
c. Transition – The process of changing from one stage or condition to another, such as the shift from childhood to adolescence or from adolescence to adulthood.
d. Defining characteristic – A key feature or quality that distinguishes something from others, such as the fast-paced growth and change that mark adolescence.
e. Provider attitude – The mindset, approach, or behavior of healthcare or service providers toward adolescents, which can influence whether young people seek and receive necessary support, especially in areas like reproductive health.
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